the Lift on a cambered airfoil depends on the interaction of pressure, vorticity, and the boundary layer. Classical inviscid flow theory alone cannot describe this process completely. In real flow conditions, viscosity becomes significant. The way circulation develops therefore influences the aerodynamic loading on the airfoil surface. Previous research has examined vortex behavior near the trailing edge. Liu’s review points out that the starting vortex helps satisfy the Kutta condition and allows circulation to form. Other studies compare lifting-surface approaches with CFD methods. These works show that geometric features, such as camber and thickness, lead to nonlinear pressure effects. Simplified potential-flow models often struggle to predict these effects accurately. This study uses CFD to investigate the NACA 2412 airfoil at a Reynolds number of approximately3.1×106. A C-type computational domain is applied with a structured quadrilateral mesh. The mesh maintains a near-wall resolution ofy+≈1, which enables reliable boundary-layer resolution. The pressure, velocity, and streamline results display clear suction peaks and smooth pressure recovery. The flow field also shows stable circulation around the airfoil. The numerical results agree well with available experimental data. Similar trends appear in Reynolds-number sensitivity and boundary-layer stability reported in earlier studies. This analysis demonstrates that CFD provides an effective connection between aerodynamic theory and real flow behavior.

Against the backdrop of Industry 4.0, the intelligent transformation of industrial production accelerates. Equipment failures and process anomalies during production are likely to cause significant losses, while traditional fault management models have failed to meet modern demands. Artificial intelligence (AI) technology has achieved phased progress in fault data collection and analysis. This paper adopts a systematic literature review method to analyze relevant studies and cases, focusing on the application of AI in fault data collection and analysis. It aims to improve the research framework in this field, provide references for the application of AI technology in production, and thus enhance industrial safety and efficiency. This study identified key challenges, including data quality issues, difficulties in data sharing, and imbalanced dataset classification, as well as high costs and insufficient accuracy of data annotation. To address these problems, technical solutions such as data cleaning, federated learning, and resampling methods were proposed. In addition, it was recommended to adopt active learning and semi-supervised learning to reduce annotation costs and improve model performance. Looking to the future, the integration of generative AI and digital twins is expected to further overcome the problem of data scarcity, while self-evolving AI systems will drive the realization of more autonomous and accurate predictive maintenance. This research provides theoretical and practical references for the intelligent development of industrial fault management.

As the embedded system in intelligent devices is progressing, hardware implementation of low-power communication protocols has become a significant research direction in the field of electronic and information engineering. This study presents an overall design technique for a low-power inter-integrated circuit (IIC) protocol master/slave device controller in Verilog hardware description language (HDL) and achieves full read-write operation in FPGA board-level simulation setting, electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM) as the verification device. This study employs a finite state machine (FSM) technique to model the hardware implementation of IIC communication process, followed by the integration of a clock gating strategy to mitigate dynamic power consumption. Vivado is utilized for synthesis, power analysis, and hardware implementation on a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) board. The results indicate that the optimized IIC controller exhibits relatively low energy consumption. Simultaneously, to assess the performance level of the proposed IIC interface, the study constructs Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) and Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter (UART) protocols, synthesizes, implements them with ModelSim and Vivado, and compares them with IIC protocol in resource usage, power consumption and structure. Experiments show that IIC offers the lowest power consumption which is 0.093W and excellent scalability, SPI achieves the highest data transfer rate which can be over 10 Mb/s, while UART has a simple structure and moderate resource usage. This provides a clear and feasible path for the hardware implementation of an appropriate and low-power communication interface in an embedded system.

High-performance ceramics, due to their high hardness, high-temperature resistance, corrosion resistance and low density, have become key materials for high-end mechanical equipment to break through the limits of metals. With the development of technology, high-performance ceramics have been applied in batches in typical mechanical components such as bearings, gears and seals. However, brittle dispersion, high cost and precision processing of complex shapes remain the bottlenecks restricting large-scale production. This article mainly adopts the research method of literature review to explore and summarize the current situation and challenges of the development of high-performance ceramic materials from aspects such as their characteristics, preparation methods, and specific applications. At the same time, it also provides reasonable insights into the future development trend of this material and offers some practical and feasible suggestions. This research shows that the systems, preparation techniques and application fields of high-performance ceramics have developed relatively maturely nowadays, but there is still much room for improvement and development prospects.

This review aims to systematically survey the current landscape of renewable energy applications in large-scale concerts, highlighting both the progress made and the persistent challenges. The technical realm this article will discuss focuses on electrical engineering, including solar power, energy conversion, piezoelectricity and energy storage. By analyzing electric power and carbon dioxide emissions during a concert, this article provides an overview of the basics of various techniques for energy conservation and emission reduction, including power distribution optimization, piezoelectricity, energy storage, and solar power. By using the Integrated Power Carbon Emission Factor Method, the mean total carbon dioxide emission is calculated. Additionally, by measuring electrical loads, this article has established a clear framework for total electrical power usage. This article also makes an example of a Coldplay concert. It utilizes techniques that contribute to energy conservation and reduce carbon dioxide emissions, demonstrating the significance of developing cutting-edge techniques and following trends in fostering green concerts. Given China's basic national conditions and technological superiority, this article compares optimized functions across various technologies to discuss the battery recycling process in electric cars and the piezoelectric effect. In conclusion, this article proposes a strategy combining piezoelectricity, solar power, and energy storage that is technically and financially feasible. Finally, future research directions and implementation pathways are suggested to realize the proposed electrical distribution model.

DC motors are widely used in industrial drive systems due to their simple structure, ease of control, and reliable speed regulation. However, the performance of conventional PID controllers often deteriorates when system parameters vary or external disturbances occur. To address this limitation, this study investigates a fuzzy self-tuning PID controller designed to improve both transient response and disturbance rejection in DC motor speed control. The research is conducted through mathematical modeling of a separately excited DC motor and the development of two controllers—a fixed-gain PID and a fuzzy self-tuning PID. The fuzzy controller adjusts the PID gains in real time based on the speed error and its derivative using a Mamdani inference system. MATLAB and Simulink are used as the main tools for system modeling, controller implementation, and simulation. Motor parameters are collected from standard DC motor specifications. Simulation results show that the fuzzy self-tuning PID controller achieves faster response, reduced overshoot, and significantly improved robustness to load disturbances compared with the conventional PID. These findings indicate that fuzzy self-tuning PID control is an effective and practical approach for enhancing DC motor performance in uncertain or varying operating conditions.

Legged robots have a huge advantage of walking on unstructured terrain, but the typical completely actuated robot exhibits high energy consumption, requires complex control, and lacks sufficient operational stability. Passive dynamics are used to achieve autonomous motion by virtue of intrinsic properties, such as inertia and gravity, which solve these problems. This paper comprehensively examines the related work on legged robot based passive dynamic system, the research about its evolution including from simple single-joint configurations, multi-joint couplings and further to adapting to the environment of various terrains, energy and environment efficiency improvement in terms of performance Passive designs can save energy, according to the study, but there are big issues like not coordinating closely enough between passive and active things, not being able to deal very well with really harsh places, being too expensive, and no set way to check how well they work, while smart planning and mixing different ideas is where it’s going. In future research, it is important to pay attention to intelligent passive design, interdisciplinary cooperation, low-cost manufacture, and standardized performance evaluation so as to promote the extensive application of such methods in real-life situations.

Lithium-ion batteries are increasingly widely used in consumer electronics due to their high energy density, long life and high-power density, and various protection schemes have emerged, but there is still a mixture of good and bad. For this purpose, research was conducted in combination with the mainstream protection schemes for lithium-ion batteries, the international standards that electronic products need to follow, the actual functional requirements of the products, and their satisfaction. The current status of protection schemes for lithium batteries and the core requirements of international standards were sorted out. The characteristics of each scheme were introduced in detail mainly by means of information collection, organization and classification comparison, and feasible solutions were given in response to the challenges in practical applications. A detailed discussion of the physical basis of the scheme was provided. The implementation of the scheme could be in the form of a semiconductor chip design, that is, a hardware approach; it can also be implemented based on certain hardware and combined with software. Finally, emphasize the considerable universality of the solution and predict the application prospects.

With the shift toward electrification, lightweight architectures, and intelligent systems in the automotive sector, demand for high-performance, tailor-made components is rising, while traditional manufacturing methods struggle to cope with complex geometries and accelerated design cycles. Therefore, this study investigates the application of additive manufacturing technology in the design optimization of automotive components to achieve lightweight structures, functional integration, as well as customized solutions. By reviewing the literature on additive manufacturing processes and material properties, and examining specific component cases, this study investigated strategies for improving part performance via parameter tuning, data refinement, and topology design. The results reveal that additive manufacturing can notably reduce part weight and enhance overall system performance, yet it still faces challenges such as process defects, an incomplete standardization system, and industrial application bottlenecks. Future efforts should prioritize multi-material integrated printing and the intelligent closed-loop management of process-performance, which are key to wider adoption of additive manufacturing in the automotive sector.

Nowadays, energy problems are becoming increasingly serious, and the use of distributed generation technology based on renewable energy has become the main direction for future energy development. At present, wind and solar energy in renewable energy sources, have the disadvantages of intermittency and instability, resulting in unstable power supply and excess resources in new energy microgrids. Therefore, through new energy structure optimization and complementary methods, it is possible to fully utilize the advantages of the geographical environment and improve the energy problems encountered in current wind and solar energy storage and power generation. This article is based on the principle of hybrid operation of wind, solar and energy storage in smart grids, and focuses on three energy optimization strategies that are currently widely used in the world: multi energy complementarity, source grid load storage, and multi grid integration and interconnection, Attempt to analyze the principles and characteristics of three optimization schemes, namely Hainan Multi Energy Complementary Island Microgrid, Zhangbei Demonstration Project, and Xiong'an Urban Computing Center, as well as their achieved effects and advantages, And proposed hypotheses and prospects for the optimization of future smart grids, providing some directions and theoretical basis for the optimization of wind, solar, and energy storage in smart grids in the future.