Calcium looping (CaL) is a great way to store thermal energy because it holds a lot of energy. But there is a big problem: CaO adsorbents quickly lose their activity. When they get hot, they sinter. Also, the product layer blocks diffusion. Because of these issues, we cannot easily use CaL on a large scale right now. To fix this, researchers are adding oxygen vacancies at the atomic level. This paper reviews how oxygen vacancies change CaO-based materials for the better. First, we look at how people make these vacancies in the lab. For example, they use aliovalent doping or change the material's shape. We also list the main tools used to check them. Next, the paper explains the science behind this using Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations. These calculations show us exactly how the vacancies work. They give ions an easier path to travel, which speeds up the physical movement (better kinetics). At the same time, the vacancies act as Lewis basic sites. They grab CO₂ molecules tighter, which helps the reaction happen (better thermodynamics). Finally, we talk about the remaining hurdles, especially keeping the materials stable at very high heat. We suggest that future work should combine live testing (in-situ) with data-driven computer models to build much stronger energy storage materials.

Heavy oil is very thick and flows badly. So it is hard to get heavy oil from the ground. This paper uses ultrasound to make heavy oil less thick. First, this paper studies how ultrasound works. Ultrasound can break the material inside heavy oil. Then, this paper uses COMSOL to build a model. It studies how frequency and voltage affect the sound field in heavy oil. The study shows that the best effect is at 20kHz. Sound pressure becomes higher when voltage is higher. Using right frequency and higher voltage can make ultrasound work better. This gives help for making better ultrasound equipment.

The need for lithium-ion batteries with high energy density and long cycle life is becoming more and more urgent. This is because electric vehicles and large-scale energy storage systems are expanding at a rapid speed. Among all the possible positive electrode materials, ternary layered oxides (LiNixCoyMnzO₂, or NCM) are seen as a key material system for next-generation high-energy batteries because of their high specific capacity and relatively low cost. But there are some challenges that stand in the way of their real application, such as complicated synthesis processes, unstable structure in high-nickel compositions and serious side reactions at the material interface. This paper gives a detailed and systematic review of the latest progress in the creative synthesis methods and performance optimization ways for NCM positive electrode materials. It also talks about the main preparation methods, including the sol-gel method, coprecipitation and hydrothermal synthesis. The paper sums up the newest development of these techniques, with a focus on making synthesis processes simpler, making materials more homogeneous, controlling the microstructure well and making the electrochemical performance better. In short, new ideas and changes in synthesis routes can make the elemental uniformity, structural integrity and electrochemical stability of NCM materials much better, and in this way, they provide reliable material solutions for the development of high-performance lithium-ion batteries.

The rapid advancement of new energy vehicles (NEVs) has intensified the demand for efficient, high-power fast-charging systems. Wide-bandgap semiconductors, particularly gallium oxide (Ga₂O₃), offer significant advantages in high breakdown electric field, thermal stability, and potential cost-effectiveness, making them promising candidates for next-generation power electronics. This paper systematically reviews the preparation techniques, performance optimization strategies, and application prospects of Ga₂O₃ in NEV fast-charging systems. Through literature analysis and comparative case studies, this paper summarizes recent progress in crystal growth, thin-film deposition, doping, and device fabrication. The findings suggest that optimized Ga₂O₃-based devices could significantly enhance charging efficiency, reduce energy loss, and support the development of ultra-fast charging infrastructure. This review provides a comprehensive reference for researchers and engineers working on advanced semiconductor materials for high-power applications.

Aqueous zinc-ion batteries get a lot of attention for grid-scale storage because they're safe, relatively cheap, and easier on the environment than many alternatives. The problem is they still stumble in the two places that matter most for real-world use: they don't last long enough over repeated cycling, and they struggle when you try to charge or discharge them fast. This review pulls together the latest progress on approaches that try to fix both issues at once—longer cycle life and better rate performance—in aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs). On cycling stability, it focuses on how protective layers and interface tuning at both the cathode and anode can suppress side reactions and slow degradation, and it explains the mechanisms behind the improvements. On rate capability, it covers tactics like defect engineering, morphology control, ion doping, adjusting interlayer spacing, adding conductive coatings, and other interface treatments, with an emphasis on how these changes speed up ion movement and improve electronic conductivity.

Sodium-ion batteries, owing to their advantages such as abundant sodium resources and low cost, have emerged as one of the most promising next-generation technologies for large-scale electrochemical energy storage. The cathode material plays a critical role in determining both energy density and cycle life. Currently research efforts are primarily focuses on three systems: layered oxides, Prussian blue analogues, and polyanion compounds. This review systematically summarizes the mechanism of three cathode materials in the sodium-ion battery, latest research progress in modification strategies such as element doping, interface modification, high-entropy design, and bottleneck problems of these cathode materials, aiming to provide perspectives on future development directions.

This article clarifies the operational mechanism of moisturizers on the stratum corneum of the skin, explains how they affect skin moisture content and barrier function, and provides a theoretical basis for formula design, offering more effective moisturizing solutions for people with damaged skin barriers, such as those with sensitive skin, dry skin, eczema, and aging skin. It also helps the public choose moisturizers suitable for their skin to maintain skin health. This article explores the principle of action of skin moisturizers and adopts a literature analysis method. This article shows that skin moisturizers can not only alleviate skin dryness but also maintain the integrity of the skin barrier and improve resistance to external factors, thereby protecting skin health. Through in-depth exploration of the mechanism of action of moisturizers, it can provide theoretical support for the scientific design of cosmetic formulas, the research and development and optimization of medical moisturizing products, and also provide a basis for the rational selection of moisturizing products.

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have achieved remarkable leaps in power conversion efficiency as an emerging photovoltaic technology. However, their inherent instability remains a major barrier to commercialization. This review focuses on this bottleneck, systematically summarizing recent advances in enhancing device stability through three primary strategies: material modification, encapsulation techniques, and defect passivation. Despite persistent challenges, synergistic optimization of materials, structures, and processes has led to substantial improvements in stability. Looking ahead, the development of dynamic adaptive materials, precise defect repair techniques, and intelligent encapsulation systems will be key to transitioning PSCs from the lab to large-scale deployment.

As one of the most widely used basic chemical raw materials globally, the sulfuric acid production process plays an irreplaceable role in chemical, metallurgical, and agricultural fields. The core link of its production process is the catalytic oxidation of sulfur dioxide (SO₂) to sulfur trioxide (SO₃). Catalysts directly determine production efficiency, energy consumption, and product quality. This paper employs case analysis and literature review to systematically summarize the mainstream catalyst types in sulfuric acid production, including vanadium-based, iron-based, platinum-based, and novel composite oxide catalysts. A comparison is conducted from the perspectives of catalytic activity, selectivity, and stability, summarizing the technical characteristics and application boundaries of each type. Meanwhile, in light of the current challenges faced by the sulfuric acid industry, such as high-toxic flue gas treatment, the development trends of catalyst technology are highlighted, providing references for optimizing industrial catalyst selection and novel catalyst research and development.

Deep ultraviolet (DUV) LEDs are critical for applications like water purification, surface disinfection, and biomedical sensing. However, conventional p-GaN contact layers exhibit strong optical absorption, causing extremely low external quantum efficiency and light extraction efficiency. Transparent AlGaN tunnel junctions have been proposed as an effective solution to eliminate this parasitic absorption while maintaining efficient hole injection. This paper provides a systematic review of transparent AlGaN tunnel junctions as a solution to the p-GaN absorption bottleneck in DUV LEDs. By synthesizing recent studies on Al composition engineering, doping strategies, thickness optimization, and interface control, the design principles of optimized AlGaN tunnel junction structures are summarized. Remaining challenges and future research directions are also discussed, including material growth limitations, balance between transparency and conductivity, long-term reliability, novel materials, new nanostructures, photonic structure integration, and machine learning-assisted design optimization. This review offers a comprehensive understanding of transparent AlGaN tunnel junctions, promoting the development of next-generation high-efficiency DUV LEDs.