In the car industry, there is always the pursuit of enhancement in performance and fuel efficiency but underlying all these is one primary challenge and that is the minimization of aerodynamic drag. This drag directly influences fuel consumption and the general driving experience as it directly affects the interaction of this vehicle with the air during motion. Fluid mechanics interaction contributes to the development of the way the car body penetrates the air, and the optimization of the interaction with the air is one of the main concerns in the development of a car body design. Car designers understand that the less rounded the appearance the less resistance their cars have and therefore cars are more efficient. This is more than smooth curves, though; it is the way everything on the vehicle interacts with the air; the wheels and the mirrors and the way the back end is. With the pressure of lighter and fuel-efficient cars being taken by manufacturers, the relationship between weight loss and aero becomes increasingly more close. It is a natural fact that lighter cars experience a lower drag, but the problem is how to decrease the weight without losing aerodynamics and safety. In this paper, the author examines the extent to which the shape and structure of a car can be optimized to reduce the drag by examining the effects that minor adjustments to single components can cause. It also issues about the impact of weight reduction on the aerodynamics and general performance. With the changing technology of vehicles, it is not only the technical challenge of strike the balance between design, weight and air flow, but it has become the issue of progress.

With the significant impact of human industry on the Earth's ecology since the late 20th century, important environmental issues such as global warming have become increasingly significant international topics. The new energy vehicle industry has become one of the most notable industries contributing to environmental sustainability. The research topic of this paper is how the new energy vehicle industry affects climate and environmental outcomes. The research method is to analyze the impact of the production, use, and other lifecycle stages of new energy vehicles on global warming. The research questions of this paper will focus on the extent to which new energy vehicles reduce tailpipe emissions. After providing evidence and analysis, it is concluded that new energy vehicles effectively mitigate environmental changes in various aspects, thereby strongly supporting the cause of global environmental protection. With the vigorous development and rapid promotion of new energy electric vehicles in China, their concrete contributions to climate and environmental outcomes are examined in detail, such as the impacts across the production, use, and recycling stages. The use of batteries as the power system in new energy vehicles, which is different from traditional fuel vehicles, focuses on the environmental protection implications of battery production and disposal. Based on this, how to effectively manage and subsequently utilize batteries becomes the key to the extent to which new energy vehicles can improve environmental issues, such as climate change.

Plastic has become indispensable in modern life because of its excellent durability, portability and low cost. However, about 80% of plastic waste eventually enters the natural environment due to poor management, resulting in serious ecological pollution. At present, mechanical recycling and chemical treatment are the main disposal methods of plastic waste, but the efficiency of mixed plastics or contaminated plastics is limited, and secondary pollution may occur. Biodegradation technology is an environmentally friendly alternative. In this paper, the mechanism, key influencing factors and limitations of current research on microbial degradation of plastics are systematically reviewed. Studies have shown that the degradation efficiency of PE by insect intestinal microorganisms (such as symbiotic bacteria of wax moth larvae) can reach 40%, while white rot fungi can decompose more than 50% of PS through oxidation. In addition, strains such as Alcanivorax in the ocean can degrade hydrophobic plastics (such as polypropylene). However, the efficiency of biodegradation is significantly affected by environmental conditions (temperature, pH, oxygen), plastic types (crystallinity, additives) and microbial community structure. The changes of functional groups and product characteristics during degradation were revealed by high flux analysis methods such as Fourier infrared spectroscopy and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Future research should focus on: (1) developing efficient engineering strains; (2) optimizing the degradation conditions in complex environments (such as soil and ocean); and (3) establishing a unified evaluation standard for biodegradation. The breakthrough of biodegradation technology will provide a sustainable solution for solving plastic pollution.

This paper reviews the research progress of MOF-SACs in the field of photocatalysis. First, it introduces the fundamental concepts of MOFs (metal-organic frameworks) and SACs (single-atom catalysts) along with the research background of this paper, elucidating their unique structures and properties. Subsequently, it delves into the material structures and characteristics of MOF-based single-atom catalysts. The focus is on analyzing specific catalytic reactions in current research, including photocatalytic CO₂ reduction, water splitting, organic pollutant degradation, and organic synthesis, alongside several specialized material optimization strategies.

As global climate change intensifies, countries around the world are adopting measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. With the European Union’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) scheduled for full implementation in 2026, China’s energy-intensive industries-particularly cement and aluminum-will face significant challenges under the dual pressure of domestic and international carbon-pricing mechanisms. This study examines the impacts of China’s Emissions Trading System (ETS) and the EU’s CBAM on the cement and aluminum sectors. Exploring this issue helps clarify how these mechanisms influence firms’ operating costs, competitiveness, and low-carbon transitions, while also offering policy and strategic responses to advance global green and low-carbon development. Since 2004, China has gradually built a comprehensive emissions-trading framework, evolving from its participation in the Clean Development Mechanism to regional pilot programs and ultimately to a unified national market. Existing research indicates that carbon markets can effectively reduce abatement costs through market mechanisms. However, the suitability of different allowance-allocation methods-such as historical emissions-based allocation and benchmark-based allocation-varies across industries like cement and aluminum, making industry-specific optimization essential. Meanwhile, the introduction of the EU’s CBAM provides new perspectives for global carbon governance but also affects China’s cement and aluminum industries in terms of export costs, market competitiveness, and pathways for industrial transformation. Confronted with dual domestic and international pressures, China’s cement and aluminum sectors must enhance their competitiveness through technological innovation, energy-structure optimization, and improved carbon data management, thereby transforming challenges into opportunities for upgrading and transition.

Graphene as a material is becoming more and more prevalent recently due to its conductivity and its economical price compared to metal, causing it to become competitive in the field of solar energy. This article aims to discuss graphene’s typical traits and its specific applications in the field of solar energy to enable readers to recognize the practical values of graphene through the lens of literature analysis and literature review, which serves as the foundation and opportunities for future development in mitigating the issues such as water scarcity and environmental pollution, as graphene can enhance product performance when combining with other materials through improving conversion efficiency while ensuring the sustainability. It is realized that even though graphene’s use in the field of solar energy may encounter challenges and risks, its potential still provides people with valuable insights into what future solar energy industries should be aware of or even investigate further on.

The advancement of aerospace technology has always been tightly linked with the evolution of materials science. From the early days of aluminum alloys enabling the first powered flights to the carbon-fiber composites revolutionizing modern aircraft design, material innovation has consistently been the cornerstone of aerospace progress. Over the past few decades, the demand for lightweight, strong, and multifunctional materials has intensified, as aircraft and spacecraft face increasingly extreme conditions—from supersonic flight’s thermal stresses to the harsh radiation and temperature fluctuations of low Earth orbit and beyond—requiring materials that can outperform traditional alternatives on multiple fronts.. Against this backdrop, nanomaterials—substances engineered at the scale of billionths of a meter—have opened new pathways for innovation. They possess unique structural, electrical, and thermal properties that enable engineers to design lighter and smarter aerospace systems. This paper reviews the fabrication, properties, and applications of nanomaterials in the aerospace industry. Emphasis is placed on eight major applications: structural reinforcement, electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding, lightning protection, thermal insulation, structural health monitoring, smart actuation, energy storage, and nano-enabled additive manufacturing. Challenges such as large-scale production, dispersion uniformity, and certification processes are also examined. As illustrated in the figures, nanomaterials are transforming aerospace systems by merging mechanical performance with intelligence and energy efficiency, paving the way for the next generation of aircraft and spacecraft.However, while the potential of nanomaterials in aerospace has been widely recognized, a comprehensive understanding of their integration challenges, certification pathways, and lifecycle performance remains limited. Therefore, this paper aims to bridge this gap by providing a systematic overview of both the functional mechanisms and practical barriers to implementation.

Atmospheric microplastics, a newly recognized category of environmental pollutants, have attracted increasing attention in recent years due to their presence in the atmospheric environment. A growing body of evidence indicates that MPs are widely distributed in both indoor and outdoor air and can enter the human body through inhalation, posing potential risks to the respiratory system and overall human health. This review systematically summarizes the major sources of atmospheric MPs, their environmental distribution patterns, and their transport and fate in air. Besides, special emphasis is placed on recent advances in research on inhalable microplastic exposure levels and associated health effects. On this basis, key limitations and uncertainties in current studies are identified, and future perspectives are proposed regarding monitoring techniques, health risk assessment, and mechanistic investigations of atmospheric MPs. This study aims to provide a scientific reference for the environmental management of emerging air pollutants and the prevention and control of related health risks.

Electrochemical glucose sensors based on glucose oxidase (GOx) are often limited by oxygen availability, which constrains their sensitivity and linear range. Recent advancements in triphasic interface design, combining gas, liquid, and solid phases, have shown promise in overcoming this limitation. By using superhydrophobic carbon cloth (CC) as a substrate, these triphasic interfaces can sustain a stable interfacial air reservoir, facilitating continuous oxygen supply to the enzyme and enhancing sensor performance. Compared to traditional biphasic configurations, triphasic architectures have demonstrated significant improvements in sensitivity and linear detection range. This review summarizes the mechanisms behind triphasic interfaces, including their role in oxygen enrichment, and discusses various material systems (such as superhydrophobic carbon cloth) that have been explored to create such interfaces. Additionally, the challenges and strategies for optimizing these interfaces, including their use in biosensors, are reviewed. The potential for scaling this technology in low-power, flexible, and portable biosensing platforms is also highlighted. Overall, oxygen-enriched triphasic interfaces present a promising, passive solution to the oxygen limitation issue, extending the functional range of oxidase-based biosensors under ambient conditions without the need for additional hardware.

In contemporary society, developing more efficient information processing systems has become a critical goal in modern technological advancement. Among emerging technologies, neuromorphic devices, benefiting from their in-memory computing characteristics, hold significant potential to become a breakthrough technology for overcoming current computational bottlenecks. The key to realizing brain-inspired computing lies in the hardware foundation, specifically, neuromorphic devices capable of simulating biological neuron and synapse functions. In recent years, two-dimensional nanomaterials, represented by graphene, transition metal dichalcogenides, and black phosphorus, have emerged as promising materials for neuromorphic devices due to their excellent optoelectronic properties, tunable electrical states, and operational principles that closely resemble those of biological synapses and neurons. By reviewing recent research progress in this field, this article focuses on the applications and challenges of two-dimensional nanomaterials in neuromorphic devices. However, transitioning this technology from the laboratory to large-scale applications still faces multiple challenges, including fabrication processes, integration strategies, and synergistic algorithm architectures. Future advancements will depend on the exploration of new material systems, breakthroughs in three-dimensional heterogeneous integration technologies, and genuine hardware-algorithm co-design. Ultimately, these efforts will drive transformative applications of two-dimensional material-based neuromorphic chips in critical fields such as edge intelligence and biomimetic sensing.