In the car industry, there is always the pursuit of enhancement in performance and fuel efficiency but underlying all these is one primary challenge and that is the minimization of aerodynamic drag. This drag directly influences fuel consumption and the general driving experience as it directly affects the interaction of this vehicle with the air during motion. Fluid mechanics interaction contributes to the development of the way the car body penetrates the air, and the optimization of the interaction with the air is one of the main concerns in the development of a car body design. Car designers understand that the less rounded the appearance the less resistance their cars have and therefore cars are more efficient. This is more than smooth curves, though; it is the way everything on the vehicle interacts with the air; the wheels and the mirrors and the way the back end is. With the pressure of lighter and fuel-efficient cars being taken by manufacturers, the relationship between weight loss and aero becomes increasingly more close. It is a natural fact that lighter cars experience a lower drag, but the problem is how to decrease the weight without losing aerodynamics and safety. In this paper, the author examines the extent to which the shape and structure of a car can be optimized to reduce the drag by examining the effects that minor adjustments to single components can cause. It also issues about the impact of weight reduction on the aerodynamics and general performance. With the changing technology of vehicles, it is not only the technical challenge of strike the balance between design, weight and air flow, but it has become the issue of progress.

With the significant impact of human industry on the Earth's ecology since the late 20th century, important environmental issues such as global warming have become increasingly significant international topics. The new energy vehicle industry has become one of the most notable industries contributing to environmental sustainability. The research topic of this paper is how the new energy vehicle industry affects climate and environmental outcomes. The research method is to analyze the impact of the production, use, and other lifecycle stages of new energy vehicles on global warming. The research questions of this paper will focus on the extent to which new energy vehicles reduce tailpipe emissions. After providing evidence and analysis, it is concluded that new energy vehicles effectively mitigate environmental changes in various aspects, thereby strongly supporting the cause of global environmental protection. With the vigorous development and rapid promotion of new energy electric vehicles in China, their concrete contributions to climate and environmental outcomes are examined in detail, such as the impacts across the production, use, and recycling stages. The use of batteries as the power system in new energy vehicles, which is different from traditional fuel vehicles, focuses on the environmental protection implications of battery production and disposal. Based on this, how to effectively manage and subsequently utilize batteries becomes the key to the extent to which new energy vehicles can improve environmental issues, such as climate change.

Plastic has become indispensable in modern life because of its excellent durability, portability and low cost. However, about 80% of plastic waste eventually enters the natural environment due to poor management, resulting in serious ecological pollution. At present, mechanical recycling and chemical treatment are the main disposal methods of plastic waste, but the efficiency of mixed plastics or contaminated plastics is limited, and secondary pollution may occur. Biodegradation technology is an environmentally friendly alternative. In this paper, the mechanism, key influencing factors and limitations of current research on microbial degradation of plastics are systematically reviewed. Studies have shown that the degradation efficiency of PE by insect intestinal microorganisms (such as symbiotic bacteria of wax moth larvae) can reach 40%, while white rot fungi can decompose more than 50% of PS through oxidation. In addition, strains such as Alcanivorax in the ocean can degrade hydrophobic plastics (such as polypropylene). However, the efficiency of biodegradation is significantly affected by environmental conditions (temperature, pH, oxygen), plastic types (crystallinity, additives) and microbial community structure. The changes of functional groups and product characteristics during degradation were revealed by high flux analysis methods such as Fourier infrared spectroscopy and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Future research should focus on: (1) developing efficient engineering strains; (2) optimizing the degradation conditions in complex environments (such as soil and ocean); and (3) establishing a unified evaluation standard for biodegradation. The breakthrough of biodegradation technology will provide a sustainable solution for solving plastic pollution.

This paper reviews the research progress of MOF-SACs in the field of photocatalysis. First, it introduces the fundamental concepts of MOFs (metal-organic frameworks) and SACs (single-atom catalysts) along with the research background of this paper, elucidating their unique structures and properties. Subsequently, it delves into the material structures and characteristics of MOF-based single-atom catalysts. The focus is on analyzing specific catalytic reactions in current research, including photocatalytic CO₂ reduction, water splitting, organic pollutant degradation, and organic synthesis, alongside several specialized material optimization strategies.

As global climate change intensifies, countries around the world are adopting measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. With the European Union’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) scheduled for full implementation in 2026, China’s energy-intensive industries-particularly cement and aluminum-will face significant challenges under the dual pressure of domestic and international carbon-pricing mechanisms. This study examines the impacts of China’s Emissions Trading System (ETS) and the EU’s CBAM on the cement and aluminum sectors. Exploring this issue helps clarify how these mechanisms influence firms’ operating costs, competitiveness, and low-carbon transitions, while also offering policy and strategic responses to advance global green and low-carbon development. Since 2004, China has gradually built a comprehensive emissions-trading framework, evolving from its participation in the Clean Development Mechanism to regional pilot programs and ultimately to a unified national market. Existing research indicates that carbon markets can effectively reduce abatement costs through market mechanisms. However, the suitability of different allowance-allocation methods-such as historical emissions-based allocation and benchmark-based allocation-varies across industries like cement and aluminum, making industry-specific optimization essential. Meanwhile, the introduction of the EU’s CBAM provides new perspectives for global carbon governance but also affects China’s cement and aluminum industries in terms of export costs, market competitiveness, and pathways for industrial transformation. Confronted with dual domestic and international pressures, China’s cement and aluminum sectors must enhance their competitiveness through technological innovation, energy-structure optimization, and improved carbon data management, thereby transforming challenges into opportunities for upgrading and transition.