Ammonia, as a carbon-free and hydrogen-rich compound, with its high volumetric hydrogen density, mild liquefaction and storage transportation conditions, as well as a mature global supply chain, is gradually becoming an ideal hydrogen carrier. This article systematically reviews the research progress of the entire "ammonia-hydrogen" industrial chain. Firstly, this paper analyzes the high carbon emissions and low flexibility challenges faced by the traditional Haber-Bosch process in the energy transition, and discusses the design principles and performance bottlenecks of emerging green ammonia synthesis technologies such as the green Haber process, electrochemical nitrogen reduction, photocatalysis, and plasma catalysis. Secondly, the focus is placed on the diversified utilization of ammonia in the downstream conversion field. The technical paths, electrochemical performances and commercialization obstacles of direct ammonia solid oxide fuel cells, direct ammonia anion exchange membrane fuel cells and proton-conducting ceramic fuel cells are compared. Subsequently, based on this, an analysis from the perspectives of economy and environmental impact is conducted. Finally, the economic advantages of ammonia in the storage and transportation process, as well as its compatibility with existing infrastructure, give it the potential to replace traditional fuels in high-emission sectors such as shipping and power generation.

Against the background of global carbon peaking and carbon neutrality strategies, Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) has become a key technology for large-scale energy storage. This study takes the lining and seepage control materials of underground CAES caverns as the research core, which directly determine the operation safety and airtight performance of energy storage systems. Underground caverns, as mainstream gas storage structures, operate under harsh conditions including cyclic high pressure and drastic temperature changes, which put forward strict performance requirements for supporting and sealing materials. On the basis of sorting out domestic and foreign research results, this paper classifies common lining and seepage control materials, evaluates their engineering adaptability, and summarizes the latest progress in performance testing methods. Meanwhile, this work points out the technical defects and application bottlenecks of existing materials, and puts forward targeted research directions combined with engineering practice. The results prove that the innovation and optimization of key materials are the core driving force to promote the commercialization and large-scale application of CAES engineering.

Since the commercialization of lithiumion batteries in the 1990s, they have been extensively applied in portable electronics, electric vehicles, and energystorage systemsowing to their high energy density, long cycle life, low selfdischarge rate, and environmental benignity. As the core component determining the capacity and stability of lithiumion batteries, cathode materials play a decisive role in overall electrochemical performance. This paper briefly reviews the developmental history, fundamental structure, and operating mechanism of lithiumion batteries, then focuses on three major categories of commercial and researchoriented cathode materials: olivinetype lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO₄), spinelstructured lithium manganese oxide (LiMn₂O₄) and its highvoltage derivatives such as LiNi₀.₅Mn₁.₅O₄, as well as layered oxide systems including LiCoO₂, LiNiO₂, NiCoMn (NCM) ternary materials, and lithiumrich manganesebased layered oxides. It systematically compares their crystal structures, electrochemical characteristics, inherent drawbacks, and common modification strategies, with the purpose of offering theoretical support and technical guidance for the rational design and industrial application of advanced cathode materials.

Propane Direct Dehydrogenation (PDH) represents the dominating technique for propylene synthesis, a research hotspot in modern coal chemical and light hydrocarbon engineering. Pt-based catalysts manifest intrinsic superiority in C-H bond cleavage, while zeolites endow unique spatial confinement, tunable acid-base properties and strong metal-support interactions, which modulate Pt electronic states and particle dispersion, thus suppressing coke deposition and thermal sintering. This review systematically dissects the molecular-level dehydrogenation mechanism of Pt-zeolite catalysts, clarifying the intricate structure-activity relationships among active site micro-configuration, surface electronic effects, and reaction pathways. It further provides a comprehensive comparative evaluation of two mainstream synthetic strategies, post-synthetic modification and in-situ one-pot crystallization, focusing on their efficacy in the precise fabrication of subnanometric Pt active sites and the long-term catalytic durability of the resulting materials. Finally, we summarize the pivotal scientific insights and technical progresses achieved in this field, laying a solid theoretical foundation for the rational design and industrial upgrading of high-efficiency, stable PDH catalysts.

Ionogels have emerged as a class of advanced functional materials for flexible electronics owing to their unique integration of high ionic conductivity, wide electrochemical windows, and excellent mechanical flexibility. This review provides a systematic overview of recent progress in ionogels, covering material design principles, fabrication strategies, and performance regulation mechanisms. Particular emphasis is placed on the selection of ionic liquid/polymer systems, network structure engineering, and nanocomposite reinforcement approaches to achieve optimized conductivity, mechanical robustness, and environmental stability. The intrinsic relationships between microstructure and macroscopic properties are analyzed to elucidate ion transport mechanisms, mechanical enhancement strategies, and stability improvement methods. In addition, the diverse applications of ionogels in flexible sensors, energy storage devices, and biomedical systems are comprehensively discussed, highlighting their multifunctionality and adaptability. Despite these advances, several challenges remain, including high material cost, limited large-scale manufacturability, and long-term stability under harsh conditions. Future research directions are proposed, focusing on green synthesis, low-cost material design, and intelligent optimization assisted by data-driven approaches. This review aims to provide a comprehensive framework for the rational design and practical application of high-performance ionogels.