Volcanic eruptions influence the Earth system across timescales ranging from days to millions of years. This paper examines how repeated and large-magnitude volcanism affects the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and lithosphere, with emphasis on the distinction between short-term disturbances and cumulative geological impacts. Explosive eruptions can inject sulfur dioxide into the atmosphere, producing sulfate aerosols and temporary surface cooling, whereas prolonged volcanic activity can release carbon dioxide and contribute to longer-term warming. Volcanic gases and ash can also alter soil and water chemistry, promote acidification, modify nutrient supply, and contribute indirectly to marine deoxygenation. At the same time, repeated lava emplacement and intrusive activity reshape landscapes and crustal structure. The environmental significance of large volcanic episodes is further illustrated through the Siberian Traps, Central Atlantic Magmatic Province, and Deccan Traps, which are compared in terms of scale, gas emissions, climatic responses, and biodiversity change. Overall, volcanism produces interconnected environmental effects whose magnitude and persistence depend strongly on eruption duration, frequency, composition, and geological context.

Ginkgo biloba is a widely-planted urban ornamental tree, yet malodorous fallen fruits create seasonal olfactory disturbances for local residents. This paper adopts a literature-based feasibility-analysis approach to explore feasible deodorization strategies targeting ginkgo-fruit odor. According to existing literature, the unpleasant odor mainly originates from butanoic acid and hexanoic acid. This study summarizes their key physicochemical properties including vapor pressure, solubility and low odor-detection thresholds to interpret observed odor-release behaviors. Four technical pathways (washing, adsorption, chemical reaction and biodegradation) are screened, and acid-base neutralization is further prioritized as a promising route. A qualitative 1-5 scoring matrix is established to evaluate four alkaline reagents (NaOH, NaHCO 3 , Ca(OH) 2 and Na 2 CO 3 ) across effectiveness, safety, cost, practicality and environmental-concern dimensions. Scoring outcomes indicate that sodium carbonate delivers relatively balanced overall performance, despite its moderate neutralization capacity. Further mechanism analysis suggests that water washing is constrained by hexanoic acid's low water solubility, while activated-carbon adsorption is limited by reversible desorption under ambient conditions. Other chemical pathways such as esterification, reduction and ketonization face obvious practical barriers for outdoor community deployment. This literature-driven assessment implies sodium carbonate represents a comparatively promising candidate reagent for urban ginkgo-fruit odor mitigation, providing theoretical references for subsequent experimental validation and practical community-level applications.