Electrolysis of water for hydrogen production is one of the key technologies for achieving the "dual carbon" goals and the sustainable energy transition. Developing efficient and stable hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) electrocatalysts is the core prerequisite for improving the overall efficiency of water electrolysis hydrogen production. This review systematically summarizes the research progress of HER electrocatalysts driven by nanostructure regulation and electronic structure engineering. This article elaborates on the reaction mechanism and structure-activity relationship of HER and reviews the latest progress of nanomaterial electrocatalyst systems. It systematically summarizes the multi-dimensional control strategies for performance optimization, including defect and vacancy regulation, crystal plane and crystal phase engineering, d-band electronic structure regulation, and design of multiple active sites in synergy. Finally, targeting practical industrial application demands, this work analyzes key challenges including long-term operational stability, structural reconstruction, electrolyzer compatibility, large-scale fabrication of nanomaterials and cost control, and presents a perspective on future research directions.

Creep and recovery behaviors of polymer composites are fundamental manifestations of their viscoelastic nature and directly determine the material's reliability in complex environments. In-depth investigation of the creep and recovery behaviors of materials plays an indispensable role in illustrating their deformation and failure mechanisms. In this study, we employed DMA to investigate the creep and recovery behaviors of SHF and PVF under different temperatures and stresses. The Burgers model and Weibull distribution function were also used to fit the results. It was found that SHF exhibits predominantly elastic deformation with only 3.72% unrecovered deformation at 45 kPa and 205 °C, whereas PVF is dominated by viscous plastic deformation with 51.15% unrecovered deformation under the same condition. Fitting results reveal that the Burgers model accurately describes the viscoelastic creep processes of both materials and that the Weibull distribution function effectively quantifies their residual deformation characteristics. This performance disparity can be attributed to their different crosslinked networks. Thermally induced post-curing of residual Si–H groups in SHF increases crosslink density and enhances elasticity. However, high temperatures and stresses induce softening of PVF matrix, leading to irreversible chain dynamics.

Global water pollution from industrial, agricultural, and domestic sources poses a serious threat to water security. Conventional treatment technologies face limitations such as secondary pollution, low efficiency, high cost, and membrane fouling. Semiconductor nanomaterials offer new solutions through quantum size effects, surface effects, and optoelectronic properties. This paper, through a systematic literature review, investigates three innovative processes: vacancy-engineered single-atom MXene membranes, α-MoO₃ nanotubes with a photocatalytic memory effect, and PEI-functionalized MoS₂-modified ceramic membranes. The results show that MXene membranes achieve an ultrahigh water flux of 2157 LMH and 98.7% TOC removal. α-MoO₃ nanotubes enable continuous purification in the dark with over 95% TOC removal. MoS₂-modified ceramic membranes provide nanofiltration-level separation for fluoride-containing wastewater. The paper concludes that deep integration of material properties and process design is key for future water treatment technologies.

With the continuous growth in demand for high-efficiency and high-voltage power electronic devices, β-gallium oxide (β-Ga2O3) has become a key ultra-wide bandgap (UWBG) semiconductor material. Owing to its ultra-wide bandgap of approximately 4.8 eV and far exceeding the theoretical Baliga Figure of Merit (BFOM) of silicon carbide and gallium nitride, β-Ga2O3 demonstrates great potential in the next-generation power systems. This article systematically summarizes the latest advancements in the research of β-Ga2O3, with a particular focus on the transition from basic material science to device engineering. By employing a systematic review and comparative analysis approach, this paper focuses on evaluating mainstream crystal growth techniques, the intrinsic defect engineering and doping mechanisms, and the performance of cutting-edge power devices such as Schottky barrier diodes (SBDs). This paper looks into the remaining technical obstacles and future prospects, aiming to provide a comprehensive reference path for the commercialization process of β-Ga2O3 electronic devices.

The external quantum efficiency of Deep Ultraviolet Light-Emitting Diodes (DUV LEDs) remains significantly lower than that of mature blue LEDs, which continues to be a key bottleneck hindering their development. This paper reviews the research background, current performance status, and efficiency limitation mechanisms of DUV LEDs. It systematically analyzes technical challenges ranging from internal quantum efficiency, light extraction efficiency, and thermal management to electrical losses, along with their corresponding solutions. The analysis indicates that to improve DUV LED performance, it is essential to comprehensively optimize internal quantum efficiency, light extraction efficiency, and electrical and thermal properties. The study also summarizes future development trends. Future research focuses on silicon-based epitaxial growth, novel light extraction structures, and integrated thermal management. Industrial progress relies on large-scale substrate production, higher yields and local manufacturing to reduce costs and expand applications, aiming to provide theoretical and technical references for performance enhancement and industrial applications of DUV LEDs.

Aqueous ammonium-ion batteries (AAIBs) have drawn attention for safe, low-cost electrochemical storage, since aqueous electrolytes are chemically stable and NH4+ transport can be promoted by hydrogen-bond networks. Although many high-performance anodes have been reported, their practical performance is still restricted. Heteroatom doping, interlayer expansion, and composite design are commonly used to tune the electronic structure and diffusion pathways of anode materials. These approaches improve conductivity and ion mobility, but low energy density, active-material dissolution, and cycling instability remain unresolved. This review discusses recent work on AAIB anodes in four material families: metal compounds, two-dimensional/porous materials, carbon-based materials, and organic materials. The corresponding NH4+ storage mechanisms and present challenges are summarized to support the further development of high-performance AAIB systems.

This paper provides a complete, logically clear and well-structured review of the research progress of tin dioxide (SnO₂) materials in the field of supercapacitors. First, it systematically and rigorously introduces the intrinsic physical and chemical properties of SnO₂ as an n-type semiconductor material, namely high theoretical specific capacitance, abundant redox active sites, excellent thermochemical stability and wide working potential window, which naturally leads to its application basis as a pseudocapacitive electrode material. Then, the main optimization strategies of SnO₂-based materials are fully summarized. More importantly, the paper makes an excellent comparative analysis of the differences in electrochemical behaviors of SnO₂ electrodes in different electrolyte systems such as aqueous, organic and solid-state electrolytes, and naturally transitions to the positive significance of device designs such as flexibility and miniaturization for the practical application of SnO₂-based supercapacitors. Finally, the author objectively and prudently points out various problems encountered in the practical application of existing SnO₂ materials: the actual specific capacitance is far lower than the theoretical value, the volumetric energy density still has room for improvement, and the structure is prone to fatigue during long-term cycling. On this basis, the future development direction and application prospects are proposed. It can be regarded as an excellent model combining theory and practice, and thus provides a solid theoretical reference and direction guidance for the research and development of high-performance SnO₂-based supercapacitor electrode materials.

The development of sixth-generation (6G) communication systems urgently demands terahertz (THz) devices with high speed, low loss, and efficient modulation capabilities. However, conventional semiconductor materials face severe performance bottlenecks in the THz band due to limited carrier mobility and significant high-frequency losses. This paper systematically reviews the properties, device architectures, and application status of graphene-based terahertz devices for 6G communication. Owing to its zero-bandgap Dirac structure, ultrahigh carrier mobility, and electrically tunable conductivity, graphene demonstrates strong outstanding potential for terahertz wave generation, detection, and modulation. Key challenges are also discussed, including large-scale high-quality graphene preparation, interface contact resistance, and system integration. The review demonstrates that graphene devices can effectively meet the core requirements of THz communication systems, providing a promising material platform for future 6G networks. This work aims to offer theoretical support and technical references for the further development and engineering application of high-performance graphene terahertz devices, thereby promoting the advancement of next-generation wireless communication technologies.

In the context of the continuous transformation of global energy structure towards a green and low-carbon direction, the development of high-performance and sustainable energy storage technologies is particularly important. Supercapacitors, due to their high power density and rapid charging and discharging capabilities, have shown promising application prospects in the field of new energy. The electrode material, which determines the performance of the device, directly affects the energy density and cycle life of the device. Molybdate nickel (NiMoO4), as a bimetallic oxide, not only has abundant redox active sites and high theoretical specific capacity, but also exhibits excellent electrochemical reversibility. In recent years, it has gradually become a popular choice for constructing high-performance pseudocapacitive electrode materials. This paper, based on current research progress, systematically reviews the basic structure and working principle of supercapacitors, and analyzes the potential and main challenges of molybdate nickel-based materials in improving the comprehensive performance of energy storage devices.

With the rapid growth of global energy needs, new energy technologies are experiencing vigorous development. As an advanced technology for green energy storage, Lithium-ion battery depends on its significant theoretical volume advantage and remarkable energy density, exhibiting a wide range of application values in new energy electric vehicles, large energy storage devices and various unmanned machinery. Currently, the graphite material is one of the most imperative sources of Lithium-ion battery anode materials and separator materials.However, graphite has a fatal deficiency--low electrochemical specific capacity with only 372 mAh g-1, which cannot satisfy the rising demands for enhanced energy and power density. To cope with these problems, researchers try to use nanophase materials in separators. This essay will summarize the types, application scope, and merits of using nanophrase materials in separators. Ultimately, this article will explicate the advantages of nanocomposites in lithium-ion battery separators and identify key areas for further improvement in their development.