Given the rapid advancement of industrialization and urbanization, multiple forms of water pollution have grown increasingly severe. Traditional water treatment technologies face challenges such as low treatment efficiency and secondary pollution. Semiconductor nanomaterial-based photocatalysis has emerged as a promising approach for green water pollution control. This paper adopts a literature review method to systematically explore the photocatalytic water purification mechanisms of semiconductor nanomaterials, summarize four material optimization strategies and review the research progress of classical photocatalytic materials such as TiO₂, ZnO, g-C₃N₄, and Nb-doped SnO₂. Studies indicate that Nb doping introduces oxygen vacancies and synergistically modifies the band structure, significantly improving the poor visible-light response and photocorrosion susceptibility of SnO₂, while enhancing the removal efficiency for organic pollutants, heavy metals, and pathogenic bacteria. At present, this technology is limited by material stability, actual water conditions, and engineering-scale production, making large-scale implementation difficult. In the future, theoretical simulations for material optimization, immobilized catalytic devices, and supporting reactors may facilitate the transition of photocatalytic water treatment technology from laboratory research to industrial applications.

Photoelectrochemical conversion offers a conceptually attractive route for storing intermittent solar energy in chemical bonds, yet the practical performance of semiconductor photoelectrodes remains constrained by a well-recognized triad of losses: incomplete light harvesting, inefficient charge separation, and sluggish interfacial reaction kinetics. This invited Review examines electrochemical strategies for improving semiconductor photoelectrochemical performance, with emphasis on three representative systems: metal-assisted chemical etching of n-type silicon, cyclic voltammetry-based electrodeposition of ZnO/TiO 2 heterojunction nanorod photoanodes, and impedance spectroscopy analysis of NiO/AlGaN/n-GaN tandem photoanodes. Rather than treating these examples as isolated case studies, this Review proposes a structure-interface-kinetics framework. In this view, etching controls the optical and geometric boundary conditions of the semiconductor, electrodeposition determines the electronic quality and chemical selectivity of the surface, and impedance spectroscopy identifies the kinetic bottleneck to guide subsequent materials design. The central conclusion is that higher photocurrent density alone is not a sufficient design objective. A credible photoelectrode architecture must simultaneously preserve crystallinity, generate a beneficial interfacial field, expose kinetically competent catalytic sites, and resist corrosion under operating potentials. The Review therefore argues for an analysis-driven design philosophy in which morphology, band alignment, defect chemistry, and charge-transfer resistance are optimized as coupled variables rather than as independent descriptors.

Support structures in additive manufacturing consume additional material and build time, and damage the contact surface after removal. The build orientation determines which surfaces become overhangs before slicing, and is the lowest-cost intervention point, but the orientation space is continuous and the objective is highly non-convex, so neither the default orientation nor grid trial placements can reliably locate the optimal region. This paper expresses build-orientation selection as a bi-objective optimisation problem of support volume and build height, solved by a multi-start NSGA-II with axis-seeded initialisation and compared against area-uniform spherical grid enumeration at a matched evaluation budget on 120 real printable models from Thingi10K. Among the 84 models that require support under the as-uploaded orientation, optimisation reduced the median support volume by 69.0% (interquartile range 3.5% to 97.4%, p<0.001), while 16 models did not improve, so the benefit depends strongly on the specific geometry. With the grid given slightly more evaluations, the normalised hypervolume of NSGA-II was no less than that of the grid on 112 models (p<0.001). The two objectives were negatively correlated within all fronts, so the trade-off genuinely exists. The reduction is sensitive to the critical overhang angle: at 60° the median reduction is only 1.4%. This paper gives a budget-matched comparison protocol and quantifies the applicable boundary of the method's benefit.

With high electrical conductivity and tunable surface chemistry, MXenes, a class of two-dimensional transition metal carbides, nitrides, and carbonitrides, have been employed in energy storage, electromagnetic interference shielding, and catalysis. However, synthesis routes strongly influence their structural features, surface terminations, and functional properties, and the effects of different preparation strategies have not been fully clarified. Accordingly, this paper compares six major MXene preparation strategies, including HF etching, LiF/HCl in situ etching, alkali-hydrothermal synthesis, electrochemical exfoliation, Lewis acid molten salt etching, and bottom-up direct growth, by linking etchant chemistry with surface termination evolution and defect formation. The effects of these strategies on yield, flake size, electrical conductivity, and dominant defect types are systematically analyzed. In addition, an Al-assisted solid-state A-site extraction route for Ti 2 SnC is evaluated through experimental evidence of thermally driven Sn extraction into Al substrates at 650 °C and spontaneous Sn whisker growth. The comparison shows that etchant-induced defects limit top-down MXene synthesis, whereas fluoride-free routes enable diverse surface terminations. Moreover, solid-state A-site extraction provides an alternative to conventional chemical etching.

With the environmental problems caused by traditional plastic packaging becoming increasingly serious, degradable packaging films have attracted growing attention in the fields of food packaging and preservation. Compared with conventional petroleum-based plastics, bio-based films prepared from natural polymers show advantages such as renewability, biodegradability, environmental friendliness and potential food-preservation functions. Focusing on cellulose, starch, chitosan and carrageenan as well as their derivatives and composite films, this paper sorts out their basic material characteristics, film-forming properties and functional advantages. It further summarizes several common preparation methods such as solution casting, extrusion blown film, coating, electrospinning, multilayer compounding and hot pressing. In addition, the applications of degradable composite films in meat preservation, fruit preservation and paper-based food packaging are discussed. By integrating material selection, processing methods and practical application, this paper aims to provide useful references for the development of bio-based composite films in the fields of food preservation and green packaging.

The continuous advancement of integrated circuit (IC) technology and the constant miniaturization of device feature sizes have placed higher demands on the electrical, thermal, and reliability performance of semiconductor materials. This paper traces the development history of core semiconductor materials in IC manufacturing, following the technological trajectory from the first to the fourth generation. It analyzes their current applications and research progress in material preparation methods such as epitaxial growth and thin-film processing. The research shows that silicon-based semiconductors remain the core foundational material for IC manufacturing; second-generation compound semiconductors, represented by gallium arsenide and indium phosphide, have irreplaceable advantages in radio frequency and optoelectronic fields; third-generation wide-bandgap semiconductors, centered on silicon carbide and gallium nitride, are in the accelerated industrialization phase; and fourth-generation ultra-wide-bandgap semiconductors demonstrate enormous application potential in ultra-high voltage and ultra-high frequency applications. This paper points out that different generations of semiconductor materials will coexist and complement each other for a considerable period of time, jointly meeting the diverse performance requirements of ICs for high-frequency, high-voltage, and low-power consumption.

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are porous crystalline materials whose metal nodes, organic linkers, and pore environments can be adjusted for a particular use. These features make them useful candidates for polymer flame retardancy. In a burning polymer, an MOF may contribute through more than one route: it can promote char in the condensed phase, adsorb volatile products, and help interrupt radical reactions in the gas phase. This review first outlines the structural features that control those effects. It then compares the reported performance of individual MOFs with that of MOF-based composite systems, including phosphorus-containing and nanomaterial-assisted formulations. The remaining limits, especially thermal stability, synthesis efficiency, and scale-up, are also considered. The aim is to connect MOF structure with the practical design of halogen-free polymer flame retardants.

As flexible, low-power, and multifunctional human-machine interfaces become increasingly prevalent, conventional touchscreens encounter intrinsic limitations: their rigid, multilayer structures complicate device integration and limit adaptability. Thus, this review investigates the use of block copolymer (BCP) self-assembly for combining touch sensing and color display in a single thin-film platform. Through the fabrication of one-dimensional photonic crystals ntegrated with humidity-responsive hydrogels or ionogels, the BCP films concurrently convert tactile stimuli into triboelectric voltage signals and induce perceptible structural color changes without external power.By reviewing recent relevant literature, key fabrication strategies, dual-mode sensing mechanisms, and representative device prototypes, including 3D touchless displays, self-powered gesture recognition, and sweat-responsive wearable platforms, are highlighted. Besides, it emphasizes the advantages of this material platform, identifies challenges like response speed, large-area integration, and stability, and outlines future perspectives for multifunctional, self-powered photonic displays. The results reveal that BCP-based photonic films provide a promising route toward fully self-powered, flexible, and multifunctional touch-sensitive display technologies.

Offshore wind power development is expanding from nearshore fixed projects to large-capacity, clustered and deep-sea floating projects. As a result, underwater noise generated during construction, operation and decommissioning activities has become a key constraint in environmental impact assessment and engineering permitting. Based on relevant journal studies published publicly from 2016 to 2025, this paper systematically compares the acoustic characteristics of impact pile driving, structural vibration during operation, floating mooring systems and decommissioning operations along the chain of "sound source - structural transmission - marine propagation - monitoring characterization - ecological response - engineering control". It summarizes the applicable boundaries of empirical models, parabolic equation models and structure-fluid-acoustic coupling models, and concludes the combined application of hydrophones, vibration sensors, passive acoustic monitoring and acoustic telemetry. The review shows that relatively complete technical systems have been formed for the prediction and bubble curtain control of impulse noise during construction. The source intensity of low-frequency narrow-band noise during operation varies significantly with unit operating conditions, foundation forms and environmental conditions, and long-term ecological evidence remains insufficient. Evaluating the exposure of fish and invertebrates only by sound pressure may omit particle motion and seabed vibration. In the future, a standardized whole-life-cycle monitoring database should be established, and multi-physics models, ecological dose-response relationships and regional cumulative impact assessment should be incorporated into the same decision-making framework.

Epoxy resins (EP) represent a category of vital thermosetting materials distinguished by their exceptional comprehensive performance and find widespread utilization in electronic packaging, aerospace and numerous industrial fields. However, their inherent flammability limits their application in scenarios with strict safety requirements. By analyzing the combustion mechanisms of EP, this paper systematically explains the basic principles of flame-retardant modification of EP and summarizes two main modification strategies: physical blending and reactive modification. In view of the limitations and technical bottlenecks in current research, this paper further prospects the future development directions of flame-retardant EP technology, so as to provide a solid theoretical basis for subsequent research and engineering applications.