Non-thermal plasma offers a route to synthesize ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen at a low bulk-gas temperature and near-atmospheric pressure, with the operational flexibility needed for intermittent renewable electricity. Its principal challenge is not ammonia formation alone but the inefficient conversion of electrical energy into recoverable product. This review presents a reactor-centred interpretation of plasma catalysis. It first examines how electron-impact excitation, vibrationally excited nitrogen and radical chemistry establish a non-equilibrium reaction environment. It then considers how packed materials alter electric-field distribution, discharge mode, heat transfer and residence time while also supplying chemical sites for nitrogen adsorption and stepwise hydrogenation. Recent metal, support, defect and porous-material strategies are assessed in terms of these coupled physical and chemical roles. Particular attention is given to ammonia loss by plasma-induced decomposition and to reversible adsorption as a means of separating product formation from product recovery. The review argues that progress requires matched-power controls, complete nitrogen balances, energy yield reporting, transient measurements and long-duration testing. Rather than seeking a universally superior catalyst, future work should co-design the power supply, discharge geometry, accessible surface chemistry and product-removal step for a defined operating window. This paper provides discriminating criteria for delineating the boundary between "physical modification" and "chemical catalysis" in plasma catalysis, while offering a systematic attribution of the origins of energy yield discrepancies reported in the current literature.

Full-spectrum use of solar energy should be achieved efficiently to address the efficiency limitations of single photovoltaic (PV) or photothermal conversion. Spectral splitting technology splits sunlight into various bands and directs them to PV, photothermal and photochemical processes for cascade use. Based on the previous studies, this paper will systematically organize the theoretical foundation of full-spectrum utilization, review spectral splitting methods, discuss integration modes for multi-level synergistic systems, and explore application prospects in building integrated PV (BIPV) and ecological restoration. It also explores the main problems of optical efficiency, system integration and cost control, and puts forward some research directions. Research has shown that spectral-splitting multi-level synergistic systems are emerging as necessary directions for development, but new problems still need to be solved in splitter design, thermal management and life-cycle economic analysis. Future studies should integrate technical performance, economic feasibility, and environmental impacts into a unified life-cycle assessment framework to identify optimal system configurations. Overall, spectral-splitting multi-level synergistic systems represent a promising pathway toward full-spectrum solar energy utilization, but their practical development requires simultaneous improvements in optical components, thermal management, system integration, and economic performance.

To address the issues of centralized discharge and resource recovery of snowmelt water, a multi-layered gravity filtration system for snowmelt water discharge in ski resorts was developed using filter cotton, activated carbon, quartz sand, and gravel. The experiment examined the impact of filter media combinations, filter bed thickness, filtration time, treated water volume, and inflow rate on treatment performance, using various parameters to measure it, including pH, turbidity, suspended solids (SS), color, and conductivity. The findings have shown that the composite filter bed is effective in improving the particulate matter content and visual water quality of the snowmelt water, reducing turbidity from 238.2 NTU to 17.2 NTU (removal rate of 92.8%) and achieving a suspended solids (SS) removal rate of 65.97%. The rates of turbidity and SS removal were 91.5% and 71.35%, respectively, when the quartz sand layer was raised to 6 cm. The choice to reduce the inflow velocity appropriately to enhance SS retention efficiency was effective, but conductivity was not reduced in equal measure to the indicators of particulate matter. The process is mainly applicable in the removal of particulate pollutants and can be used as a pretreatment unit for the non-portable reuse of snowmelt water in ski resorts.

The dynamics of soil carbon and nitrogen are important for soil fertility and ecosystem functioning, and agricultural management and land use strongly affect them. However, it is still not clear how different management systems change soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil organic nitrogen (SON), or if larger SOC and SON pools go together with more available nitrogen through mineralization and nitrification. The data come from the Kellogg Biological Station Main Cropping System Experiment; this site has SOC and SON measurements for several years and depths, and its nitrogen cycling variables were monitored at 0–25 cm depth. Treatment comparison and linear regression were used to test the differences among systems and the relationships between soil organic matter pools and nitrogen cycling. SOC and SON differed significantly among the treatments; the long successional system had the highest concentrations and the conventional system the lowest. Nitrogen cycling had different treatment patterns, and only SON had a significant positive relationship with net nitrification (R² = 0.16, p = 0.007); the other three regressions were not significant. The analysis relied on one experimental site, and the datasets matched only partly in time; therefore, the results cannot be generalized very far. In general, management had a strong effect on SOC and SON, but these pools by themselves predicted short-term nitrogen cycling only weakly.

Porphyrins and expanded porphyrins are important macrocycles with applications in catalysis, molecular recognition, metal coordination, nonlinear optics, magnetic resonance imaging, and photodynamic therapy. Among them, sapphyrins are 22π-electron expanded porphyrins composed of five pyrrolic or heterocyclic units connected by four meso-carbon bridges and one direct pyrrole–pyrrole bond. Their distinctive structure, extended aromaticity, large central cavity, and red-shifted optical absorption have stimulated the development of increasingly efficient synthetic methods. This Review summarizes the major strategies used for sapphyrin construction, with particular emphasis on MacDonald-type fragment condensations, Lindsey-type multicomponent reactions, and Rothemund-type statistical condensations. Representative syntheses are compared in terms of precursor design, macrocyclization mechanism, oxidation step, product yield, substrate scope, and practical limitations. This discussion takes a traditional mechanistic organic chemistry view, and it highlights how the formation of the 22π-electron macrocycle is controlled by several processes, namely acid-catalysed pyrrole–aldehyde condensation, precursor preorganization, direct pyrrole–pyrrole bond formation, and oxidative aromatization. This Review is meant to serve as an accessible introduction for students and researchers who are new to sapphyrin chemistry.

This research represents a numerical analysis of the two-dimensional aerodynamics of NACA 0012 and NACA 0015 when Reynolds number is 2.2x106. Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD) was used to perform geometric simulations, mesh generation, and graph plotting to compare the data.The results show that, in the angle-of-attack range from –5° to 5°, NACA 0015 profile, which has greater thickness, exhibits a higher drag coefficient than the NACA 0012 at the identical angle of attack, with a broader peak distribution and a more gradual recovery; at the angle of attack of 10°, the load factor curve in the trailing edge region of the NACA 0012 flattens out, indicating patterns of separation. In terms of drag, due to its greater thickness, the NACA 0015 had a higher drag coefficient than the NACA 0012 across the entire angle-of-attack range, however, the onset angle at which drag increases sharply after stall was delayed. Increased thickness enhances maximum lift and delays stall, but correspondingly increases drag. This study provides quantitative guidance for selecting wing profile thicknesses at low speeds.

In recent years, with continuous innovation in industrial upgrading and related technologies, the micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) field has become increasingly critical in engineering and academic research, providing important support for technological development. However, the relevant research remains relatively fragmented, and the field lacks a systematic summary. To clarify the research and development trajectory of MEMS technology, this paper uses MEMS research progress as its core theme to systematically organize the current state of MEMS technology classification, performance benchmarks, and multi-scenario applications. The study found engineering problems such as power consumption and synchronization errors in inertial measurement unit (IMU) arrays. The industry lacks unified wafer-level testing standards and specialized vehicle-grade verification standards. Long-term service degradation models and device reliability data remain limited. As application fields evolve rapidly, these standardization and reliability shortcomings hinder high-end MEMS applications.

Aerodynamic performance plays a decisive role in cornering speed and straight‑line top speed for Formula 1 racing cars, and the selection of rear‑wing airfoils directly dominates the critical trade‑off between aerodynamic downforce and drag. This study constructs a computational‑fluid‑dynamics‑based numerical simulation model taking NACA four‑digit airfoils as research objects, and systematically investigates the influences of camber, thickness, and angle of attack on lift coefficient, drag coefficient, and lift‑to‑drag ratio. Simulation results indicate that camber contributes most to downforce enhancement, whereas thickness primarily controls drag characteristics; the drag coefficient increases by about (4‑5) % with every 2 % growth in airfoil thickness. Corresponding airfoil selection strategies are proposed for three typical F1 circuits. The symmetric thin NACA 0008 is adopted for high‑speed Monza to minimize drag; high‑camber NACA 4412 is applied for technical Monaco to improve cornering performance; for mixed‑layout Silverstone, NACA 4412 at (4‑6)° angle of attack realizes balanced performance. The established mapping criteria between circuit characteristics and airfoil parameters can provide theoretical support for preliminary aerodynamic design and tuning of F1 rear‑wing profiles.

High internal phase emulsions (HIPEs) are widely used in fields such as porous materials and food delivery, owing to their solid-like viscoelastic properties. Single low-molecular-weight surfactant systems require high emulsifier dosages and have limited biocompatibility, whereas Pickering particle systems face limitations such as difficulty in wettability regulation and insufficient stability at ultra-high internal phase fractions. Surfactant mixing, through synergistic effects among components, has become an important route for constructing high-performance HIPEs. This review summarizes the structural characteristics, preparation methods, and typical applications of HIPEs, compares the limitations of the two types of single stabilization systems, elaborates the synergistic stabilization mechanisms of the two types of mixed systems, and analyzes the regulation patterns of mixing ratio, concentration, environmental conditions, and emulsification process on the microstructure and macroscopic properties of HIPEs. Composite systems primarily enhance the compactness and mechanical strength of interfacial films through synergistic interactions between components at the interface; specifically, small-molecule combinations rely on interfacial molecular rearrangement, whereas particle-surfactant combinations achieve stability mainly through the modulation of wettability and the complementarity of the two-component interfacial film. This review can provide a reference for the rational design of mixed systems; however, the quantification of mechanisms and the development of green components still require further investigation and represent important directions for future research.

The Tibetan Plateau, Earth's "Third Pole," holds critical glacial water reserves that sustain billions of people across Asia. Climate change drives widespread glacier retreat across the region, but melt rates vary sharply by location, creating a need for fine-scale local monitoring to support adaptive water management. This study quantifies annual late-summer changes in snow and ice cover in a 100 × 125 mile central Himalayan study area near Mount Everest, using Landsat 8 satellite imagery processed in Google Earth Engine with the Normalized Difference Snow Index. Year-to-year changes were measured via image subtraction for 13 intervals from 2013 to 2026, and linear regression with a t-test was used to evaluate long-term trends. Results show net annual snow and ice loss across all 13 year-to-year intervals, although the magnitude of loss varies widely from year to year. A slight negative trend in annual loss was not statistically significant (p = 0.458), indicating no clear statistically significant long-term change in the annual loss trend over the study period. These local findings complement regional assessments and support targeted water resource planning for communities dependent on Third Pole meltwater.