The existing treatment technologies for new types of environmental pollutant, such as Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), still have significant deficiencies in terms of removal efficiency, operating costs, and the coordinated control of resistance genes. This article systematically reviews the main pollution sources of PPCPs, typical drug categories, and their migration and transformation behaviors in multi-media environments, with a focus on comparing the removal efficiency and applicable conditions of conventional biochemical treatment, physicochemical separation, and advanced oxidation technologies. The results show that the removal rate of carbamazepine and other refractory drugs by the conventional process is less than 40%. Although the advanced oxidation technology can achieve a removal rate of over 90%, it is restricted by engineering bottlenecks, such as the high cost and toxicity of by-products. The synergistic effect of the mixed technology is regarded as an important direction to balance efficacy and economy. Furthermore, the dependence of photolysis rate on the water matrix and the inhibitory effect of the low-temperature environment on microbial activity highlight the limitations of extrapolating laboratory parameters to real scenarios. The synergistic removal of antibiotic resistance genes poses higher requirements for the treatment process than conventional pollutant removal. This paper looks forward to future directions such as multi-technology coupling and climate change adaptation strategies, with the aim of providing a reference basis for the selection of water pollution control technologies and the formulation of environmental management policies.