The existing treatment technologies for new types of environmental pollutant, such as Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), still have significant deficiencies in terms of removal efficiency, operating costs, and the coordinated control of resistance genes. This article systematically reviews the main pollution sources of PPCPs, typical drug categories, and their migration and transformation behaviors in multi-media environments, with a focus on comparing the removal efficiency and applicable conditions of conventional biochemical treatment, physicochemical separation, and advanced oxidation technologies. The results show that the removal rate of carbamazepine and other refractory drugs by the conventional process is less than 40%. Although the advanced oxidation technology can achieve a removal rate of over 90%, it is restricted by engineering bottlenecks, such as the high cost and toxicity of by-products. The synergistic effect of the mixed technology is regarded as an important direction to balance efficacy and economy. Furthermore, the dependence of photolysis rate on the water matrix and the inhibitory effect of the low-temperature environment on microbial activity highlight the limitations of extrapolating laboratory parameters to real scenarios. The synergistic removal of antibiotic resistance genes poses higher requirements for the treatment process than conventional pollutant removal. This paper looks forward to future directions such as multi-technology coupling and climate change adaptation strategies, with the aim of providing a reference basis for the selection of water pollution control technologies and the formulation of environmental management policies.

Conventional silicon-based semiconductor manufacturing relies on high-temperature thermal processes, toxic, corrosive chemical reagents, and significant wafer-cutting losses, generating enormous electronic waste and persistent carbon emissions throughout the entire industrial chain. Graphene-silicon hybrid field-effect transistors (GoSFETs) combine the mature processing compatibility of silicon wafers and ultra-high carrier mobility of single-layer graphene, achieving balanced electrical performance and environmental friendliness. Nevertheless, existing research mostly focuses on discrete device electrical characterization or on separate partial environmental tests, lacking a systematic full-life-cycle sustainability assessment that covers material synthesis, manufacturing, operation, and waste disposal. This paper firstly elaborates the heterostructure carrier transport mechanism of GoSFETs and introduces two classic interface wetting theories: the Wenzel model and the Cassie-Baxter model. Afterwards, the paper systematically sorts out low-carbon and low-toxic manufacturing technologies, including recycled carbon feedstock preparation and fully biodegradable biopolymer gate dielectric layers. The research further analyses the advantages of low-power operation in hybrid sensing devices and corresponding nano-carbon pollution prevention strategies. It constructs a complete closed-loop recycling workflow for end-of-life hybrid transistors. Supported by cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment (LCA) quantitative data, this study identifies core industrial bottlenecks that restrict large-scale mass production and proposes targeted optimization approaches. This research provides solid theoretical, process and industrial technical guidance for the future development of low-carbon, recyclable green graphene-silicon semiconductor devices.

Organic electrochemical transistors (OECT) exhibit great potential for achieving high-sensitivity sensing and breaking through the "von Neumann bottleneck" to realize low-power neuromorphic computing. This paper reviews the research progress in materials and devices of organic electrochemical transistors over the past five years. It summarizes the research status of active layer materials for OECT based on mixed ionic-electronic conductors, including conjugated polymers, oligomers, and small molecules, starting from effective multifunctional molecular design and structural regulation strategies. Based on the structure and working mechanism of OECT devices, this paper introduces the application directions of OECT technology in physiological signal monitoring, biochemical sensing, and bionic neuromorphology. Finally, the key challenges remaining for OECT technology in the field of bioelectronics and its future development directions are discussed.

This paper reviews recent progress in the integration of photochromic molecules into organic field-effect transistors (OFETs). Three major classes of photoresponsive units—diarylethene (DAE), spiropyran (SP), and azobenzene (AZO)—are highlighted for their incorporation into channel, electrode, and dielectric layers of OFETs, enabling light-controlled modulation of photoelectric properties. These hybrid devices show promise in optical memories, photonic logic circuits, multi-stimuli-responsive sensors, and flexible electronics. This review systematically summarizes the fabrication methodologies for introducing photochromic moieties into OFET components, followed by a detailed evaluation of device performance, including electrical characteristics, photosensitivity, and other functional attributes. The underlying working mechanisms, particularly the structure–property correlations governing photoresponse, are briefly discussed. Despite substantial advances, several critical challenges persist, including photobleaching degradation, limited response kinetics, insufficient operational stability, and difficulties in scalable manufacturing. This paper concludes with an in-depth analysis of these bottlenecks and offers forward-looking perspectives on possible solutions and future research directions for photochromic molecule-functionalized OFETs. Emphasis is placed on molecular design strategies, interface engineering, and device architecture optimization as key pathways toward practical applications.

Because of their quantum size effects and surface effects, semiconductor nanomaterials show a wide range of optical properties, making them a core part of strategic industries like high-definition displays, solid-state lighting, and biomedical detection. Its light-emitting mechanism mainly includes exciton emission and defect emission. The coexistence and competition between the two is one of the key factors affecting performance. But traditional studies mostly attribute it separately to quantum size effects and surface effects, lacking a unified structural parameter. This article introduces 'surface atom ratio' as a parameter to uniformly describe this competitive relationship, and also analyzes its role as a bridge connecting quantum size effects and surface effects. Using a theoretical analysis approach, starting from the three major effects of nanomaterials, the aim is to derive the relationship between the proportion of surface atoms and size, and explain their connection to enhanced quantum confinement and defect state density; through systematically analyzing the effects of size and surface passivation on competition, the rules of luminescence competition centered on the proportion of surface atoms are summarized. This article found that this parameter can indeed effectively regulate the coexistence and competition between the two, and provides a reference for designing nanomaterials with high luminescence efficiency in a measurable way.