The existing treatment technologies for new types of environmental pollutant, such as Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), still have significant deficiencies in terms of removal efficiency, operating costs, and the coordinated control of resistance genes. This article systematically reviews the main pollution sources of PPCPs, typical drug categories, and their migration and transformation behaviors in multi-media environments, with a focus on comparing the removal efficiency and applicable conditions of conventional biochemical treatment, physicochemical separation, and advanced oxidation technologies. The results show that the removal rate of carbamazepine and other refractory drugs by the conventional process is less than 40%. Although the advanced oxidation technology can achieve a removal rate of over 90%, it is restricted by engineering bottlenecks, such as the high cost and toxicity of by-products. The synergistic effect of the mixed technology is regarded as an important direction to balance efficacy and economy. Furthermore, the dependence of photolysis rate on the water matrix and the inhibitory effect of the low-temperature environment on microbial activity highlight the limitations of extrapolating laboratory parameters to real scenarios. The synergistic removal of antibiotic resistance genes poses higher requirements for the treatment process than conventional pollutant removal. This paper looks forward to future directions such as multi-technology coupling and climate change adaptation strategies, with the aim of providing a reference basis for the selection of water pollution control technologies and the formulation of environmental management policies.

Conventional silicon-based semiconductor manufacturing relies on high-temperature thermal processes, toxic, corrosive chemical reagents, and significant wafer-cutting losses, generating enormous electronic waste and persistent carbon emissions throughout the entire industrial chain. Graphene-silicon hybrid field-effect transistors (GoSFETs) combine the mature processing compatibility of silicon wafers and ultra-high carrier mobility of single-layer graphene, achieving balanced electrical performance and environmental friendliness. Nevertheless, existing research mostly focuses on discrete device electrical characterization or on separate partial environmental tests, lacking a systematic full-life-cycle sustainability assessment that covers material synthesis, manufacturing, operation, and waste disposal. This paper firstly elaborates the heterostructure carrier transport mechanism of GoSFETs and introduces two classic interface wetting theories: the Wenzel model and the Cassie-Baxter model. Afterwards, the paper systematically sorts out low-carbon and low-toxic manufacturing technologies, including recycled carbon feedstock preparation and fully biodegradable biopolymer gate dielectric layers. The research further analyses the advantages of low-power operation in hybrid sensing devices and corresponding nano-carbon pollution prevention strategies. It constructs a complete closed-loop recycling workflow for end-of-life hybrid transistors. Supported by cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment (LCA) quantitative data, this study identifies core industrial bottlenecks that restrict large-scale mass production and proposes targeted optimization approaches. This research provides solid theoretical, process and industrial technical guidance for the future development of low-carbon, recyclable green graphene-silicon semiconductor devices.

Organic electrochemical transistors (OECT) exhibit great potential for achieving high-sensitivity sensing and breaking through the "von Neumann bottleneck" to realize low-power neuromorphic computing. This paper reviews the research progress in materials and devices of organic electrochemical transistors over the past five years. It summarizes the research status of active layer materials for OECT based on mixed ionic-electronic conductors, including conjugated polymers, oligomers, and small molecules, starting from effective multifunctional molecular design and structural regulation strategies. Based on the structure and working mechanism of OECT devices, this paper introduces the application directions of OECT technology in physiological signal monitoring, biochemical sensing, and bionic neuromorphology. Finally, the key challenges remaining for OECT technology in the field of bioelectronics and its future development directions are discussed.

This paper reviews recent progress in the integration of photochromic molecules into organic field-effect transistors (OFETs). Three major classes of photoresponsive units—diarylethene (DAE), spiropyran (SP), and azobenzene (AZO)—are highlighted for their incorporation into channel, electrode, and dielectric layers of OFETs, enabling light-controlled modulation of photoelectric properties. These hybrid devices show promise in optical memories, photonic logic circuits, multi-stimuli-responsive sensors, and flexible electronics. This review systematically summarizes the fabrication methodologies for introducing photochromic moieties into OFET components, followed by a detailed evaluation of device performance, including electrical characteristics, photosensitivity, and other functional attributes. The underlying working mechanisms, particularly the structure–property correlations governing photoresponse, are briefly discussed. Despite substantial advances, several critical challenges persist, including photobleaching degradation, limited response kinetics, insufficient operational stability, and difficulties in scalable manufacturing. This paper concludes with an in-depth analysis of these bottlenecks and offers forward-looking perspectives on possible solutions and future research directions for photochromic molecule-functionalized OFETs. Emphasis is placed on molecular design strategies, interface engineering, and device architecture optimization as key pathways toward practical applications.

Because of their quantum size effects and surface effects, semiconductor nanomaterials show a wide range of optical properties, making them a core part of strategic industries like high-definition displays, solid-state lighting, and biomedical detection. Its light-emitting mechanism mainly includes exciton emission and defect emission. The coexistence and competition between the two is one of the key factors affecting performance. But traditional studies mostly attribute it separately to quantum size effects and surface effects, lacking a unified structural parameter. This article introduces 'surface atom ratio' as a parameter to uniformly describe this competitive relationship, and also analyzes its role as a bridge connecting quantum size effects and surface effects. Using a theoretical analysis approach, starting from the three major effects of nanomaterials, the aim is to derive the relationship between the proportion of surface atoms and size, and explain their connection to enhanced quantum confinement and defect state density; through systematically analyzing the effects of size and surface passivation on competition, the rules of luminescence competition centered on the proportion of surface atoms are summarized. This article found that this parameter can indeed effectively regulate the coexistence and competition between the two, and provides a reference for designing nanomaterials with high luminescence efficiency in a measurable way.

Industrial gas separation remains dominated by energy-intensive cryogenic distillation, stimulating research on adaptive porous adsorbents. Hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (HOFs), self-assembled from organic units through reversible hydrogen bonds, are a distinctive class of crystalline porous materials whose intrinsic flexibility offers separation mechanisms unavailable to rigid metal-organic frameworks and covalent organic frameworks. Through literature analysis and comparative review of nine representative studies, this review examines the supramolecular origins of HOF flexibility, including neutral and charge-assisted hydrogen bonds, aromatic stacking and multi-force synergy, and categorizes dynamic behaviors into gate-opening and breathing, guest-induced pore expansion, reversible hydrogen-bond reconstruction and interpenetration-driven deformation. Design rules balancing flexibility and stability are distilled, and three benchmark systems, namely HOF-FJU-1 for ethylene/ethane fractionation, ZJU-HOF-8a for natural-gas purification and HOF-NKU-1 for humid sulfur-dioxide capture, are analyzed together with standardized evaluation methods. The analysis shows that controlled stimuli-responsive gating, rather than unrestricted flexibility, simultaneously delivers high uptake, selectivity and recyclability, and identifies molecular engineering, in situ characterization and computational screening as future priorities.

Flexible electronic systems require semiconductor devices and materials that can provide reliable electrical performance while conforming to curved, moving, or deformable surfaces. Two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides, including MoS₂, WS₂, and WSe₂, are promising candidates because their atomically thin structures, semiconducting bandgaps, and mechanically compliant nature are suitable for low-power flexible transistors. This review critically examines how the material properties, fabrication methods, and interface engineering of these semiconductors influence their electrical performance, mechanical durability, and potential for large-scale integration. Recent advances are compared with selected foundational research to evaluate progress from individual field-effect transistors to wafer-scale arrays and functional flexible circuits. The reviewed evidence shows that substantial advances have been made in nanoscale channel fabrication, high-κ dielectric integration, and circuit complexity. However, the technological maturity of flexible TMD electronics remains limited by material non-uniformity, transfer-induced contamination, contact resistance, dielectric defects, unstable p-type behaviour, and insufficiently standardised reliability testing. High performance in selected devices therefore does not necessarily indicate reproducible manufacturing or long-term mechanical stability. Future research should prioritise defect-controlled wafer-scale growth, clean low-temperature integration, mechanically durable interfaces, complementary logic, and statistically meaningful bending tests. TMD transistors are unlikely to replace conventional silicon electronics in the immediate future, but they could complement silicon in transparent, wearable, and conformable low-power systems where mechanical flexibility provides a clear functional advantage.

Per and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and antibiotics are two typical emerging water contaminants, and conventional water treatment processes hardly achieve their simultaneous deep removal. Nanocomposite membranes couple polymer‑based size‑exclusion filtration with interfacial adsorption of nanofillers, which can treat PFAS‑antibiotic co‑contaminated water synergistically and have become a research hotspot for emerging pollutant remediation. This paper illustrates the interfacial interaction mechanisms between PFAS, antibiotics and nanocomposite membranes, summarizes material features of carbon‑based, MOF, two‑dimensional layered and organic‑modified fillers as well as regulation rules for membrane fabrication, and analyzes the adsorption‑filtration synergistic removal mechanisms. The effects of membrane structure, water matrix and operating parameters on treatment performance are discussed. Current bottlenecks including insufficient direct experimental data under co‑contamination conditions and unclear site competition as well as long‑term stability are pointed out. Prospects are proposed for material optimization, real‑water tests and practical engineering applications.

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have the characteristics of high specific surface area, tunable pore channels and abundant active sites, and are important candidate materials for low-energy-consumption gas separation. This paper reviews the structural basis, action mechanisms and typical applications of MOF gas-phase separation, focuses on analyzing size sieving, thermodynamic adsorption, kinetic selective adsorption and the synergistic mechanism, and summarizes the research progress in CO 2 /N 2 , CO 2 /CH 4 , H 2 purification and hydrocarbon separation. On this basis, the influence of pore structure, framework characteristics, defect sites and stability on separation performance is discussed, and it is pointed out that industrial application is still restricted by factors such as stability, large-scale preparation, forming and processing, regeneration energy consumption and adaptability to complex working conditions. In the future, research on high-stability material design, green large-scale synthesis, low-energy regeneration and membrane/adsorption device engineering should be strengthened, so as to push MOF gas separation technology from the laboratory to practical application.

As the world pushes toward cleaner energy, lithium-ion batteries have quietly become the go-to energy storage choice for everything from phones to electric vehicles. Their appeal comes from decent energy density, a long cycle life, and steadily improving safety. Sitting right in the middle of every battery cell, the separator is easy to overlook but actually plays a huge role in how well — and how safely — the whole system performs. This paper takes a look at where polymer separators stand right now. We start with a quick recap of how lithium-ion batteries are put together and what we actually ask of a separator: electrical insulation, the right thickness and pore structure, electrochemical stability, good wetting by the electrolyte, enough mechanical strength, and the ability to hold up at high temperatures. After that, we walk through the main modification routes people are pursuing — ceramic particle coatings, organic polymer blends, entirely new separator materials, and better binder choices — and talk about why these approaches matter for the two big weak spots of commercial polyolefin films, namely poor thermal stability and lousy electrolyte wetting. We also touch on functional separators, such as nitrogen-containing designs and trilayer films with built-in safety responses, and how they might help with problems like transition-metal leaching from ternary cathodes and lithium dendrite growth. Looking ahead, the field seems to be moving toward more multifunctional, better-performing, and more deliberately tailored separator designs. If these efforts pay off, they could remove some of the remaining bottlenecks holding lithium-ion batteries back, which would be good news for both EVs and grid-scale storage.