The increasing energy demand, climate change and sustainable development necessitate the transition from fossil fuels to renewable sources (such feedstock and energy). Green hydrogen is one of the key components in sustainable energies/fuels being crucial for reducing carbon emissions and achieving carbon neutrality. However, hydrogen storage and transportation are challenging, and chemical hydrogen storage reactions such as ammonia synthesis and CO2 hydrogenation (to methanol) are considered promising solutions. Nonthermal plasmas (NTPs) are partially ionized gases with various energetic species, which are produced under ambient conditions being able to facilitate efficient chemical reactions under mild conditions. Importantly, NTP technologies can theoretically utilize green electricity produced by renewable energies (such as solar and wind) showing significant low-carbon potential. Previous studies have shown the catalysts design has an important impact on the performance of catalytic reactions under NTP conditions, and hence this aspect deserves attention. Here this mini review comments on the application of NTP catalytic technologies in ammonia synthesis and CO2 hydrogenation to methanol, with a special focus on catalyst pore structure and active site design. The critical summary and perspective can serve as the most current snapshot of the relevant research fields in NTP technologies, helping their further development.

Wind and solar energy are two examples of the renewable energy that nations around the world are accelerating their development of in response to global climate change and energy scarcity. However, current power networks face new difficulties as a result of these energy sources' volatility and intermittency. Based on the existing literature and data, this article reviews the latest research advances in the integration of renewable energy sources (such as solar and wind) with conventional power systems. The paper discusses the main technical challenges faced in the integration process, including intermittency, stability and other issues. At the same time, this paper discusses the development of demand response, load management, machine learning, energy storage technology and smart grid technology, of which smart grid technology is the main content of this article review. The purpose of this paper is to summarize the existing smart grid technology, explain the help of smart grid for renewable energy grid connection, and provide a reference direction for future research. Finally, according to the existing policies, the paper looks forward to the future and believes that the share of renewable energy in the future grid will be increasing.

With the acceleration of global urbanization, traffic congestion has become a major bottleneck in the development of modern cities, leading to serious economic losses and a decline in the quality of life. To address this challenge, traffic flow prediction techniques have received much attention. This paper reviews the application of three key technologies, including 5G, artificial intelligence (AI), and vehicular networking (V2X) in intelligent traffic management. 5G technology provides a communication foundation with high speed rates, low latency, and large-scale device connectivity, which effectively supports real-time data transmission and communication needs. AI technology, on the other hand, with its powerful data processing capability, is able to make high-precision traffic predictions in dynamic traffic environments. However, the effectiveness of AI models is highly dependent on the support of high-quality data.V2X technology greatly improves road safety and traffic mobility by realizing real-time information exchange between vehicles and infrastructure. However, relying on a single technology alone cannot comprehensively solve complex transportation problems. For this reason, this paper proposes a technology fusion scheme of 5G, AI, and V2X, aiming to optimize the intelligence level of the traffic management system through the complementary advantages of each technology. The study shows that the synergistic application of the technologies can not only effectively alleviate traffic congestion but also improve the overall safety of roads, providing a feasible solution for the future intelligent transportation system in cities.

As climate change intensifies, its impact on ecosystems has become increasingly severe, threatening the survival of various species and leading to habitat destruction, biodiversity loss, and ecosystem degradation. Biodiversity, encompassing the variety of life on Earth, plays a critical role in maintaining ecosystem stability, buffering against the effects of climate change, and enhancing ecosystem resilience. This study explores the multifaceted role of biodiversity in supporting ecosystem functionality amidst the challenges posed by climate change. By reviewing existing literature and case studies across different ecosystems, this research highlights biodiversity facilitates nutrient cycling and energy flow, which stabilizes the ecosystem, acts as a natural buffer against extreme weather events, and enhances ecosystem resilience by providing functional redundancy. The findings underscore the importance of biodiversity conservation as a strategy to mitigate the adverse effects of climate change and sustain the health and functionality of ecosystems worldwide.

Due to inherent theoretical capacity limitations and safety issues associated with commonly used anode materials in lithium-ion batteries, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), with their unique one-dimensional tubular structure and superior mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties, can partially address these deficiencies and enhance lithium storage capacity. Therefore, this paper concentrates on the impacts of carbon nanotubes as electrode materials on energy storage for lithium-ion batteries. It discusses three aspects in detail: the use of CNTs as direct anode materials, as composite anode materials, and as flexible electrode materials. Each application will be examined in terms of its specific advantages, existing challenges, and corresponding solutions to improve battery performance. The paper also evaluates the role of CNTs in enhancing the electrochemical stability, improving cycle life, and achieving higher power densities, which makes them highly promising for next-generation energy storage solutions, particularly for portable and flexible electronic devices. Additionally, the unique ability of CNTs to form a highly conductive network facilitates efficient charge transport and reduces internal resistance, further contributing to the overall performance of the battery. Future research directions may focus on optimizing the synthesis methods and improving the interface interactions between CNTs and other active materials, to fully leverage their properties for enhanced safety, higher efficiency, and lower costs. As such, carbon nanotubes are seen as key materials that could play an important role in meeting the growing demand for advanced energy storage systems.

Integrated circuit (IC) manufacturing relies heavily on lithography, which drives device size reduction and performance improvement through precise pattern transfer. As the performance requirements of electronic devices continue to increase, lithography faces major challenges in terms of precision and efficiency. Currently, deep ultraviolet (DUV) and extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography technologies are mainstream, while technologies such as electron beam lithography (EBL) and directed self-assembly (DSA) are applied in specific high-precision fields. This paper reviews the current development status of lithography technology and analyzes its application in CMOS technology, 3D NAND flash memory, and high-performance computing components. The study also explores the main challenges facing photolithography, including technical bottlenecks, rising costs, and environmental impacts. In order to address these issues, the study emphasizes the importance of technological innovation and material improvement, especially in the development of new photoresists and mask materials and the promotion of environmentally friendly lithography technology. Therefore, it can be found that continued advances in lithography are essential to meet the changing needs of the semiconductor industry.

In the context of rapid industrialization and urbanization in China over the past few years, the issue of water pollution has emerged as a significant concern. This article provides a comprehensive literature review on the research conducted on water body conditions in China over the past few decades. The review encompasses various studies that have examined the pollution levels of different types of water sources across the country, as well as identified different types of pollutants present in these water bodies. The contamination level is found to be varying over the past 20 to 30 years time, with a continuing increasing focus over the polluting power of neo-pollutants, the PFAS. Continued research efforts are necessary to monitor changes in pollution levels over time accurately. In addition, implementing effective regulations and adopting sustainable practices will be vital steps towards mitigating further degradation of precious water bodies in China.

This paper investigates the short-circuit, avalanche, crosstalk, and switching oscillation problems associated with the application of SiC MOSFETs. It examines the generation mechanisms, working mechanisms, and testing methods for these four issues. The study proposes methods to enhance the device's anti-short-circuit capability by assessing the degree of short-circuit in advance, improve the device's anti-avalanche capability through protective measures, suppress switching oscillations by controlling dead time and output distortion compensation, adjusting parasitic parameters through control algorithms, and mitigate bridge-arm crosstalk using various suppression techniques.

Lithium-sulfur batteries have advantages such as high theoretical energy density, but suffer from poor sulfur conductivity, polysulfur shuttle effect and volume expansion. Graphene shows potential to enhance the performance of lithium-sulfur batteries due to its high electrical conductivity and large specific surface area. This paper explores the application of graphene in lithium-sulfur batteries through a literature review. Graphene can be used to modify cathode materials, which can be prepared by methods include chemical vapor deposition, hydrothermal synthesis and sol-gel method, so as to improve the electrical conductivity and inhibit the shuttle effect. The addition of graphene to the diaphragm facilitates the formation of a physical barrier layer, which can effectively impede polysulfide migration, enhance ion transport properties, and augment the mechanical strength and stability of the diaphragm. After modification of the electrolyte, graphene enhances ionic conductivity, inhibits polysulfide shuttling, and improves the performance of the electrode/electrolyte interface. However, there are still some challenges, such as the difficulty of completely eliminating the polysulfide shuttle effect, the high cost, and the stability of the electrode structure to be improved. In the future, the composite process of graphene and sulfur, the development of low-cost and high-performance graphene materials, and the comprehensive application of graphene modification strategies should be optimized to promote the development of lithium-sulfur battery technology.

In the fast-paced environment of modern society, clock display systems have transformed from mere timekeeping devices into sophisticated combinations of technology and design, becoming indispensable in everyday life. This article begins by exploring the evolution of clock displays across various historical periods, highlighting the unique characteristics and innovations of each era. From the mechanical clocks of the past, which embodied both precision and craftsmanship, to the rise of seven-segment displays known for their efficiency and reliability, each development marks a significant leap forward. Additionally, the paper delves into the diverse applications of these systems in areas such as consumer electronics, medical devices, and aviation. In these industries, clock displays contribute to increased functionality, user engagement, and safety, often integrating with global time standards. Ultimately, the study emphasizes the growing importance of clock displays in both practical and aesthetic contexts, as they evolve to meet the demands of modern technology and design. This progression signifies not only advancements in timekeeping but also the broader impact of display technology on human experience and industrial innovation.